Persuasive speaking - The desirable qualities of a good debater include the ability to speak clearly, think quickly, clarify arguments, provide examples, maintain persuasive speech, and maintain a professional tone and body language.

 
OBJECTIVES FOR TEACHERS Practically Speaking aims to address six different objectives for teachers of public speaking: (1) sound scholarship, (2) standard yet innovative coverage, (3) brevity, (4) recency, (5) logical organization, and (6) useful ancillaries. The first objective- sound scholarship- is critically important.. Bryant football player

8 Jul 2018 ... The Art of Persuasive Speaking · Palms hidden – Power, dominance, authoritative – Somewhat well-received by audiences. · Pointing with the index ...15.2: Understanding Entertaining Speeches. In broad terms, an entertaining speech is a speech designed to captivate an audience’s attention and regale or amuse them while delivering a message. Like more traditional informative or persuasive speeches, entertaining speeches should communicate a clear message, but the manner of …Informative Speaking. Informative speaking generally centers on talking about people, events, processes, places, or things. Informing an audience about one of these subjects without being persuasive is often a difficult task to complete. For example, a speech informing an audience about growing peace lilies as houseplants might ultimately ... Osborn and Osborn define persuasion this way: “the art of convincing others to give favorable attention to our point of view.”. [1] There are two components that make this definition a useful one. First, it acknowledges the artfulness, or skill, required to persuade others. Persuasion does not normally just happen.Between 140-160 words per minute is the normal pace for a persuasive speech. Any faster and you may appear to be glib; any slower and you sound like you are ...1-Minute Speech Topics. A 2-minute speech is an excellent method to start into public speaking and is often utilised in the classroom. It's brief. It's quick. To make things easier for yourself, choose a topic that fascinates you and about which you can speak passionately. Public Smoking.The purpose of a persuasive speech is to convince your audience to agree with an idea or opinion that you present. First, you'll need to choose a side on a controversial topic, then you will write a speech to explain your position, and convince the audience to agree with you. You can produce an effective persuasive speech if you structure your ...A person who is influential or persuasive has the ability to motivate others to act or believe specific things. These are helpful skills in the workplace as many work environments involve creative problem-solving, Innovative design, collaborative teamwork, and public speaking.When you give a persuasive speech, it’s important to prevent a disconnect between what you say and what the audience needs to hear. One way to do that is to research and ask questions ahead of time. If possible, talk to audience members beforehand in conversational settings. Figure 1: Ethical Pyramid. Elspeth Tilley, a public communication ethics expert from Massey University, proposes a structured approach to thinking about ethics (Tilley, 2005). Her ethics pyramid involves three basic concepts: intent, means, and ends. Figure 1 “Ethical Pyramid” illustrates the Tilley pyramid.Change a View Point: Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs. The first persuasive public speaking type involves changing someone’s attitudes, values, and beliefs. An attitude is defined as an individual’s general predisposition toward something as being good or bad, right or wrong, or negative or positive. Maybe you believe that local curfew laws ... Discussion and activities. Watch this clip from The King’s Speech where the new king makes his first wartime radio broadcast of Britians’ s declaration of war on Germany in 1939. This movie is a dramatic interpretation of the true story of the future King George VI who worked to overcome a stammer. (Make note of how he has marked the ...Dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins are what David Philips calls the “angel’s cocktail.”. He suggests speakers should intentionally create stories to activate each of these hormones. By telling a story in which you build …3. Build a narrative around your evidence. If you want to persuade someone of something, it’s not enough to win their brain -- you need their heart in it, too. Try to make an emotional connection with your audience throughout your presentation to better sell them on the facts you’re presenting.100 Good Persuasive Speech Topics That'll Help You Get an A+ in Your Public Speaking Class Finding good persuasive speech topics can be tough. Let this list help guide you.Jun 9, 2023 · Here are some tips to help you finish your persuasive speech in the best quality: 1. Create an Outline. The best way to make sure that your essays and papers are written perfectly is to work following outlines. An outline serves as the frame that you can check against while working on your persuasive speech. Activities involve preparing speeches to inform, entertain and persuade, panel discussions and oral interpretation of literature. Students activities related to ...You can also persuade people when speaking, in a speech or presentation that you have prepared. Making your writing persuasive When you are writing to persuade people, it’s important to say why ...The desirable qualities of a good debater include the ability to speak clearly, think quickly, clarify arguments, provide examples, maintain persuasive speech, and maintain a professional tone and body language.Persuasive Speaking: Public speaking will often be in order to persuade others. This can be in a debate or formal speech, but can also be minor persuasions such as going to a place you choose for lunch. Persuasive public speaking is a very valuable skill to have. 3.In this video, you'll learn how to organize and write a persuasive speech or presentation, especially the problem, solution, benefits order of the main point...6 May 2016 ... And one of the best ways to do it is by delivering persuasive speeches, so your students will remain interested and come back again for more ...Once your child has figured out the techniques she can use in her persuasive writing, she will need to find some words and phrases that help her to be convincing. Using phrases like "I think" or "It seems that" don’t convey a sense of confidence in her position. Instead, she needs to use word combinations that show how much she believes in ...Below are a few sample essays in various common formats. Persuasive Essay Examples 5 Paragraph. Persuasive Essay Examples 3 Paragraph. Short Persuasive Essay Examples. These examples tell you how to remain convincing and persuasive regardless of the essay format you use.17.2 A Definition of Persuasion. can be defined in two ways, for two purposes. The first (Lucas, 2015) is “the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions” (p. 306). This is a good, simple straightforward definition to start with, although it does not encompass the complexity of persuasion.The four main types of public speaking are informative, persuasive, demonstrative, and ceremonial. Understanding these will help specialize how you speak to the intention of your speech. The article goes over all the basic information, examples, and key things to note when delivering these types of speeches. The 5 Different Types of Speech Sty...Feb 28, 2022 · What is Persuasive Speech? Persuasive speech is a written and delivered essay to convince people of the speaker’s viewpoint or ideas. Persuasive speaking is the type of speaking people engage in the most. This type of speech has a broad spectrum, from arguing about politics to talking about what to have for dinner. 7. Bandwagon. You can use this technique to suggest that everyone’s on board with a concept or idea. It taps into people’s fear of missing out. Even if you don’t have the facts to back up your claims, generalities are strongly …Then, in Chapter 9 “Preparing a Speech”, Chapter 10 “Delivering a Speech”, Chapter 11 “Informative and Persuasive Speaking”, and Chapter 12 “Public Speaking in Various Contexts”, you will learn how to choose an appropriate topic, research and organize your speech, effectively deliver your speech, and evaluate your speeches in order to improve.Aristotle’s Rhetoric. First published Thu May 2, 2002; substantive revision Tue Mar 15, 2022. Aristotle’s Rhetoric has had an unparalleled influence on the development of the art of rhetoric. In addition to Aristotle’s disciples and followers, the so-called Peripatetic philosophers (see Fortenbaugh/Mirhady 1994), famous Roman …Aristotle called rhetoric “a combination of the science of logic and of the ethical branch of politics” and defined it as “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.”. From Ancient Greece thousands of years ago to today, rhetoric has been the backbone of persuasive and motivational speaking.In a nutshell, persuasive speeches must confront the complex challenge of influencing or reinforcing peoples’ beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions, all characteristics that may seem natural, ingrained, or unchangeable to an audience. Project 1 - Persuasive Speaking Expand This project focuses on helping you to develop and support a viewpoint, and identify the most appropriate type of persuasive speech for your topic. Purpose: The purpose of this project is to understand the types of persuasive speeches and deliver a persuasive speech at a club meeting.Factual Persuasive Speech: These topics include facts, figures and statistics to thoroughly analyse the given topic and assess whether it’s true or false. 2. Policy Persuasive Speech : Discussing policies, laws and reforms, these speech topics critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the given policy or law and suggest the …3. Build a narrative around your evidence. If you want to persuade someone of something, it’s not enough to win their brain -- you need their heart in it, too. Try to make an emotional connection with your audience throughout your presentation to better sell them on the facts you’re presenting.If you speak too softly (“too little” volume), your audience will struggle to hear and understand you and may give up trying to listen. If you speak with “too much” volume, your audience may feel that you are yelling at them, or at least feel uncomfortable with you shouting. The volume you use should fit the size of the audience and the ...Discussion and activities. Watch this clip from The King’s Speech where the new king makes his first wartime radio broadcast of Britians’ s declaration of war on Germany in 1939. This movie is a dramatic interpretation of the true story of the future King George VI who worked to overcome a stammer. (Make note of how he has marked the ... Sample outlines for persuasive speeches can be found in Chapter 17. Chronological Pattern. When you speak about events that are linked together by time, it is sensible to engage the chronological organization pattern. In a chronological speech, main points are delivered according to when they happened and could be traced on a calendar or clock.The problem-solution pattern will be explored in more depth in the chapter on Persuasive Speaking because that is where it is used the most. Then, we will see that there are variations on it. The principle behind problem-solution pattern is that if you explain a problem to an audience, you should not leave them hanging without solutions.Aristotle’s Rhetoric. First published Thu May 2, 2002; substantive revision Tue Mar 15, 2022. Aristotle’s Rhetoric has had an unparalleled influence on the development of the art of rhetoric. In addition to Aristotle’s disciples and followers, the so-called Peripatetic philosophers (see Fortenbaugh/Mirhady 1994), famous Roman …Are you looking to improve your English speaking skills? One of the most effective ways to do so is by practicing regularly. By incorporating a speaking English practice routine into your daily life, you can make significant progress in no ...Persuasive Speech Examples for Middle School Students. Speech writing and speech competition are very common in public schools. It helps teachers to check the student’s creative writing and public speaking skills. Check out the persuasive speech examples given below. Persuasive Speech Examples for Middle SchoolEthos, pathos and logos are the three categories of persuasive advertising techniques. Each category invokes a different appeal between speaker and audience. Ethos calls upon the ethics, or what we'd call the values, of the speaker. Pathos elicits emotions in the audience. Finally, logos puts logic into play by using evidence and facts.Without a hook, it will take them a while to adjust to being receptive to your message. Here are some characteristics that make a strong hook: 1. Grab Your Audience's Attention. When they hear your hook, it should force them to focus on the presentation and wait in anticipation for what you're going to say next.24 Mar 2022 ... His speeches are excellent examples of persuasive speaking. The persuasive speech is one common exercise that teachers give to students in ...Figure 1: Ethical Pyramid. Elspeth Tilley, a public communication ethics expert from Massey University, proposes a structured approach to thinking about ethics (Tilley, 2005). Her ethics pyramid involves three basic concepts: intent, means, and ends. Figure 1 “Ethical Pyramid” illustrates the Tilley pyramid.Persuasive Speaking. Persuasive speaking is the type of speaking that most people engage in the most. This type of speech can involve everything from arguing about politics to talking about what to eat for dinner. Persuasive speaking is very connected to the audience, as the speaker must, in a sense, meet the audience halfway. Obviously, there are many different persuasive speech topics you could select for a public speaking class. Anything from localized claims like changing a specific college or university policy to larger societal claims like adding more enforcement against the trafficking of women and children in the United States could make for an interesting persuasive speech.10 Easy and Simple Persuasive Speech Topics. Below follow topics that should be easy enough to persuade your audience without going into too much research. There are some which can be used as ‘tongue in cheek’ topics such as ‘The paparazzi are the real stalkers’ and ‘People need to visit the dentist more often’.Public speaking is one of the most common fears in the world. From people who have never done it before to those who have been doing it for decades, it’s normal to feel nervous before making a speech in front of a crowd.You can develop these skills individually to improve your overall persuasion technique. Here are seven important persuasion skills and their definitions: 1. Communication. Excellent communication is one of the major skills necessary for an effective persuasive technique. Speaking with someone directly is the quickest way to …The desirable qualities of a good debater include the ability to speak clearly, think quickly, clarify arguments, provide examples, maintain persuasive speech, and maintain a professional tone and body language.We looked far and wide across all of these mediums for the best examples of persuasive ads, and we rounded up 13 ads that are exceptionally persuasive. Let’s take a look at what these ads are doing well and, most importantly, how you can use these techniques in your own ads. 1. Streeteasy: Find your place. Streeteasy used the “Find …Linear Model. The interactional model of public speaking comes from the work of Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). The original model mirrored how radio and telephone technologies functioned and consisted of three primary parts: source, channel, and receiver. The source was the part of a telephone a person spoke into ...As such, motivational speaking is a highly specialized form of persuasive speaking commonly delivered in schools, businesses, religious, and club or group contexts. The Toastmasters International Guide to Successful Speaking lists four types of motivational speeches: hero, survivor, religious, and success. Slutsky, J., & Aun, M. (1997).Alan H. Monroe’s (1935) motivated sequence is a commonly used speech format that is used by many people to effectively organize persuasive messages. The pattern consists of five basic stages: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. In the first stage, a speaker gets an audience’s attention.When it comes to resolving issues or seeking assistance with your EE services, speaking with their customer service team can be incredibly helpful. However, there are certain mistakes that customers often make when engaging with customer se...Jun 24, 2022 · Here are some tips for speaking persuasively: 1. Choose a current topic. You can be more persuasive when you discuss an ongoing topic. Things that occurred in the past may not have the same urgency as a current event, so people may be less willing to engage in a conversation about them. Although a persuasive speech involves information—even as much as an informative speech—the key difference is that a persuasive speech is designed for “creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions” (Lucas, 2015. p. 306). A persuasive speech makes something happen. In other words, it performs a job.This example of a persuasive speech is on gender selection, a subject about which I'm passionate! If you hope to persuade your audience to adopt your way of ...A persuasive speech is a speech that is given with the intention of convincing the audience to believe or do something. This could be virtually anything - voting, organ donation, recycling, and so on.28 Feb 2019 ... Most people think that this type of content has to have an elaborate organizational pattern to it. But that's just not true of the most ...The Power of Persuasive Speaking. Persuasive speaking has a variety of applications. Persuasive speech is used in the workplace to help you accomplish a goal or prove your point. It’s used in your personal life with family or your kids — you might make a persuasive speech before dinner if you’re trying to convince your partner to go to ...Jun 2, 2023 · 3. Address the counter-argument. Although it is not strictly necessary, your argument may be stronger if one or more of your supporting points addresses the views of the opposing side. This gives you a chance to address your audience's possible objections and make your argument stronger. Human communication is essentially a process of sending and receiving information. Every verbal and non-verbal interaction that we have goes through this process. Essentially, the process is transactional, in which each of the components overlaps simultaneously. The components of the communication process are as follows:Dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins are what David Philips calls the “angel’s cocktail.”. He suggests speakers should intentionally create stories to activate each of these hormones. By telling a story in which you build …Evaluate the quality of inductive, deductive, and causal reasoning. Identify common fallacies of reasoning. Persuasive speakers should be concerned with what strengthens and weakens an argument. Earlier we discussed the process of building an argument with claims and evidence and how warrants are the underlying justifications that connect the two.Dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins are what David Philips calls the “angel’s cocktail.”. He suggests speakers should intentionally create stories to activate each of these hormones. By telling a story in which you build …Persuasive writing is meant to influence how the reader thinks, feels, acts or makes decisions with regard to a particular idea, issue or proposal.Factual Persuasive Speech: These topics include facts, figures and statistics to thoroughly analyse the given topic and assess whether it’s true or false. 2. Policy Persuasive Speech : Discussing policies, laws and reforms, these speech topics critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the given policy or law and suggest the …Public speaking is important in both business, education, and the public arena. There are many benefits to speaking in public whether you're an individual or a business. In this article, we'll define public speaking for you. We'll discuss the importance of public speaking in general. We'll also cover the importance of public speaking in …Change a View Point: Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs. The first persuasive public speaking type involves changing someone’s attitudes, values, and beliefs. An attitude is defined as an individual’s general predisposition toward something as being good or bad, right or wrong, or negative or positive. Maybe you believe that local curfew laws ...When you give a persuasive speech, it’s important to prevent a disconnect between what you say and what the audience needs to hear. One way to do that is to research and ask questions ahead of time. If possible, talk to audience members beforehand in conversational settings.In this section, we’ll learn the components of an argument, how to choose a good persuasive speech topic, and how to adapt and organize a persuasive message. Foundation of Persuasion Persuasive speaking seeks to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors of audience members. Conveying a convincing message can benefit your personal, public, and professional lives. This course is an introduction to the theory and practice of rhetoric, the art of persuasive writing and speech. In it, you will learn to construct and defend compelling arguments, a crucial skill in many settings. We will be using selected speeches from ... COMM101: Public Speaking. Learn new skills or earn credit towards a degree at your own pace with no deadlines, using free courses from Saylor Academy. Join the 1,700,296 students that started their journey with us. We're committed to removing barriers to education and helping you build essential skills to advance your career goals.Ethos: credibility (or character) of the speaker. Pathos: emotional connection to the audience. Logos: logical argument. Together, they are the three persuasive appeals. In other words, these are the three essential qualities that your speech or presentation must have before your audience will accept your message.Tips for Persuasive Speaking. Recognize that the audience is constantly processing what the speaker is saying. Nonverbal reactions are common for an audience listening to a persuasive speech--a furrowed brow, nodding head, or rolling eyes can be signals from audience members that they either like or dislike what the speaker is saying.A good persuasive speech is going to show others that you've studied the topic you're talking about. It should provide enough evidence that the topic is ...Identify examples of inductive, deductive, and causal reasoning in the sample persuasive speech on education in prisons included in Section 4.3 “Nonverbal Communication Competence”. People often use fallacies in arguments, usually without knowing it. Being able to identify fallacies is an important critical thinking skill.Analyze their response and tweak the joke accordingly if necessary. Starting your speech with humour means your setting the tone of your speech. It would make sense to have a few more jokes sprinkled around the rest of the speech as well as the audience might be expecting the same from you. 4. Mohammed Qahtani.Unit 10 Reading: Persuasive Speaking. Persuasive speeches must confront the complex challenge of influencing or reinforcing peoples’ beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions, all characteristics that may seem natural, ingrained, or unchangeable to an audience. Because of this, rhetors (or speakers) must motivate their audiences to think or ... Imagery is the use of language to represent objects, actions, or ideas. The goal of imagery is to help an audience member create a mental picture of what a speaker is saying. A speaker who uses imagery successfully will tap into one or more of the audience’s five basic senses (hearing, taste, touch, smell, and sight).The perceptions that we make of others and that others make of us affect how we communicate and act. In this chapter, we will learn about the perception process, how we perceive others, how we perceive and present ourselves, and how we can improve our perceptions. Previous: 1.4 Communication Competence. Next: 2.1 Perception Process.The four types of speeches are manuscript, memorized, extemporaneous, and impromptu. Our aim is to acquaint you with these four different modes of delivery, to provide suggestions for when you are asked to make impromptu remarks, and then to focus most your time on the preparation, practice, and presentation of extemporaneous speeches.Ethos: credibility (or character) of the speaker. Pathos: emotional connection to the audience. Logos: logical argument. Together, they are the three persuasive appeals. In other words, these are the three essential qualities that your speech or presentation must have before your audience will accept your message.Connectives or “connective statements” are broad terms that encompass several types of statements or phrases. They are generally designed to help “connect” parts of your speech to make it easier for audience members to follow. Connectives are tools that add to the planned redundancy, and they are methods for helping the audience listen ...Ethos, pathos and logos are rhetorical appeals. The similarity of their names can confuse their meanings, so learn what each looks like with our examples.Nov 9, 2022 · Persuasive Essay About Negative Effects Of Social Media. With over 3.6 million individuals using social media, it’s an expansive and active growing community around the world. But social media is causing harm and distress to people’s mental health. Social media is also manipulating people’s thoughts and what they buy. 2 Jul 2023 ... Learn the importance of developing public speaking skills when it comes to persuasion and what makes them so powerful for both employees and ...Persuasive writing is meant to influence how the reader thinks, feels, acts or makes decisions with regard to a particular idea, issue or proposal.

40 Famous Persuasive Speeches You Need to Hear · 1. I have a dream by MLK · 2. Tilbury Speech by Queen Elizabeth I · 3. Woodrow Wilson, address to Congress (April .... Arkansas football kansas

persuasive speaking

Change a View Point: Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs. The first persuasive public speaking type involves changing someone’s attitudes, values, and beliefs. An attitude is defined as an individual’s general predisposition toward something as being good or bad, right or wrong, or negative or positive. Maybe you believe that local curfew laws ... Introducing Persuasive Speaking Persuasion is “the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions” (Lucas, 2015, p. 306). Persuasion is important in all communication processes and contexts—interpersonal, professional, digital—and it’s something that you do every day.A persuasive speech is intended to do just that. All leaders by nature are great persuasive speakers. There are many types of persuasive speeches such as sales, ...In this chapter, we are going to focus on persuasive speaking. We will first talk about persuasion as a general concept. We will then examine four different types of persuasive speeches, and finally, we’ll look at three organizational patterns that are useful for persuasive speeches. Previous: 16.3 Chapter Exercises.Just as a good introduction helps bring an audience into your speech’s world, and a good speech body holds the audience in that world, a good conclusion helps bring that audience back to reality. So, plan ahead to ensure that your conclusion is an effective one. While a good conclusion will not rescue a poorly prepared speech, a strong ...100 Good Persuasive Speech Topics That'll Help You Get an A+ in Your Public Speaking Class Finding good persuasive speech topics can be tough. Let this list help guide you.Generic-Evaluation Resource This evaluation resource is for any speech. Use it in your club to evaluate a member completing a speech within or outside of Pathways.In this section, we’ll learn the components of an argument, how to choose a good persuasive speech topic, and how to adapt and organize a persuasive message. Foundation of Persuasion Persuasive speaking seeks to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors of audience members.Persuasive speaking thus requires clarity, strategy, topic mastery, plus a sense of style and presence. By the end of this course, you should be able to design persuasive speeches that address problems and solutions and that motivate audience members.Pitch and Inflection. The pitch is the “highness” or “lowness” of the voice. Each of us has a range of tone. Vocal sounds are actually vibrations sent out from the vocal cords resonating through chambers in the body. The vibrations can literally be measured in terms of audio frequency in the same way music is measured.SAGE Flex for Public Speaking. 1. An Overview of Persuasive Speaking. Brief: Persuasion can be applied systematically, through a process in which our attitudes ...YOUR ASSIGNMENT Purpose: The purpose of this project is to understand the types of persuasive speeches and deliver a persuasive speech at a club meeting. Overview: Choose any topic that lends itself to speaking persuasively and prepare a speech. Present your 5- to 7-minute speech at a club meeting.Another type of support that can be useful in your presentations is testimony. Testimony, whether written or verbal, allows you to use experts, or ordinary people with specialized knowledge, to prove or support your points. We most often think of testimony from experts. Quoting a medical doctor or a scientist to support your findings on cancer ...For the purposes of public speaking, there are four different types of definitions that may be used as support: lexical, persuasive, stipulative, and theoretical. Lexical Definitions A lexical definition “Dictionary” definition that specifically states how a word is used within a specific language. is one that specifically states how a word is used within a specific language.In a nutshell, persuasive speeches must confront the complex challenge of influencing or reinforcing peoples’ beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions, all characteristics that may seem natural, ingrained, or unchangeable to an audience. Between 140-160 words per minute is the normal pace for a persuasive speech. Any faster and you may appear to be glib; any slower and you sound like you are ...Persuasive speeches revolve around propositions that can be defended through the use of data and reasoning. Persuasive propositions respond to one of three types of questions: questions of fact, questions of value, and questions of policy. These questions can help the speaker determine what forms of argument and reasoning are necessary to ...B2 speaking. Are you a learner at B2 English level (upper intermediate)? This section offers speaking practice to help you learn and practise useful phrases that will help you to speak English clearly and effectively. Each lesson has a preparation task and a video that introduces the language in context and gives you the opportunity to listen ...Tips for Persuasive Speaking. Recognize that the audience is constantly processing what the speaker is saying. Nonverbal reactions are common for an audience listening to a persuasive speech--a furrowed brow, nodding head, or rolling eyes can be signals from audience members that they either like or dislike what the speaker is saying.Nov 30, 2018 · 8. Proofread and Revise your Draft. After writing your speech, read it out loud to check the flow of your information. Do the editing and check if you have followed a proper persuasive speech format. Check the following things while revising the rough draft: Add or remove the content, keeping in mind the time limit. .

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